General Directions: Type or hand write out notes for each of the chapters. (Illegible handwriting will not receive credit) Try to address the key concepts for each chapter assigned. The key concepts are listed in the table below (you may need to scroll a lot). If typing please use single-space to save paper. Please try to use the BOLDED vocabulary words in your answer (please actually "bold" the key vocabulary, makes it easier to see you've used the words). Check out the homework assignment for the pages, vocabulary and key concepts to address in your notes. For each key concept explain why the concept is important in terms of maintaining life; (note not all listed categories apply to each key concept)
The Guiding Themes of Biology
* 1. Science as a Process of Inquiry
* 2. Evolution
* 3. Energy Transfer
* 4. Continuity & Change
* 5. Relationship of Structure to Function
* 6. Regulation
* 7. Interdependence in Nature
* 8. Science, Technology & Society
All homework is due on the day indicated on the monthly calendar. The latest you can turn in an assignment is the day of the unit exam. After that all assignments are worth a maximum of 75%. Reading notes are not required during the school year but they are highly recommended as well as using the study guides posted.
| Homework Example Exemplary Paragraph:
Chapter 50: An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere
(50.1) What is ecology, and what types of questions does ecology try to answer?
Ecology is the scientific study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. These relationships affect the abundance and distribution of different organisms. As a result, ecologists try to determine how many organisms live within a certain geographic range, and why. Since many ecological experiments are too large to be tested in the field, ecologists sometimes use mathematical models to simulate interactions between organisms and the biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors in their environment. Organism-environment interactions that occur on an ecological time scale (hours, weeks, months) also affect events that occur on an evolutionary time scale (decades, centuries, etc.). Ecology studies all levels of biological organization, from the individual organism to the interactions between different ecosystems. Also, ecologists have a responsibility to educate others and provide a scientific context in which citizens and legislators can study environmental issues, such as global warming. |
|
Chapter 8th(7thEd) |
Check out these Case Studies (just for enrichment, not assigned) |
Assigned Homework |
|
52 (50) |
Recommended strategy for all chapters, come up with a question and answer for each Key Concepts listed from the reading (Key Concepts are listed on the first page of the chapter); also try to use the BOLDED vocabulary words in your answer. Repeat for all chapters in the summer assignment. | |
|
51 (51) |
||
|
53 (52) |
Activity: Techniques for Estimating Population Density and Size |
|
|
54 (53) |
How Are Impacts on Community Diversity Measured? |
|
|
55 (54) |
||
|
56 (55) |
The links connect to your student media CD that comes with your Campbell textbook.
|
8th Edition Chapters ( 7th edition)
|
Activities (located on Student CD)/Focus Questions (haven't seen the new 8th edition CD yet... case studies may be different for each chapter). Please at least look through the case study activities and the questions embedded within the case study lab report, these activities are recommended (by last year's class) but not required to turn in for credit. Make sure you try to address the questions listed below as well as identify the themes (see above). |
|
|
Case Study How Do Environmental Changes Affect a Population? Suggested questions to consider, do not turn in List the major themes of life and give an example of each. Diagram the
hierarchy of structural levels, define "form fits function". |
|
|
Suggested questions to consider, do not turn in Explain why weak bonds are important to living organisms. How are molecules shaped (3-D) and how is the shape related to function?
|
|
|
Suggested questions to consider, do not turn in What are the 5 emergent properties that result from hydrogen bonding? What is an aquaporin? Why are aquaporins important to life? Explain how buffers work. |
|
|
Case Study What Factors Determine the Effectiveness of Drugs? Draw
a structural diagram of a molecule with every functional
group. (This doesn’t exist in nature!) How did "vitalism" influence the development of organic chemistry? Explain why carbon contributes to diversity and complexity of organic molecules. Is ATP ubiquitous? Why? |
|
|
Draw and describe the structure, function/characteristics and unique properties of the four major macromolecules/ biomolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). For each type of molecule make sure you explain why the structure of the molecules helps predict the function (especially in proteins) and possible interactions with other molecules. |
|
(
Additional readings and figures:) Ch 41.3 Enzymes and Digestion |
Case Study How Is the Rate of Enzyme Catalysis Measured? Explain the relationship between entropy, enthalpy and life in terms of Gibbs Free Energy. Why is free energy a negative value. Use enzymes (catabolic and anabolic) as your examples. What are all the different types of enzyme interactions? Use simple drawings to note the other molecules that interact with enzymes. What is the link between the different areas of where digestion occurs and the types of enzymes involved in those activities? |
|
|
What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Relate animal and/ plant organelle structure to their function. ( compare and contrast plant and animal cells.) (don't forget SER, RER, Golgi, peroxisomes, cytoskeleton...) What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells' cilia/flagella? What structures help cells maintain close contact with adjacent cells, |
|
Chapter 7 ( Chapter 8 in the 6th Edition) (
Additional readings and figures:) Ch Ch 48: Movement of Ions in Nerve conduction (48.2) |
Case Study How Does Osmosis Affect Cells? Case Study How are Water
and Solute Potentials Calculated? Know the general molecular structure and behavior of a plasma membrane and functions of membrane proteins (ECM). Relate diffusion and osmosis to the second law of thermodynamics. How do ion pumps maintain membrane potential? (In animals and plants)? Why is there more than one mode of membrane transportation required? What is "bound water" and its effect on osmotic behavior? Why is excretion included in this unit? Explain why ion movement is important in nerve impulses/conduction. |
|
|
Case Study How Is the Rate of Cellular Respiration Measured? Explain how energy flows through the biosphere. (Fig 9.2) What is the structure of coenzymes and their function? Describe the four parts of cellular respiration. (Include NAD, FAD, CoA, ATP, ADP (amounts). How do organisms survive without oxygen available? Diagram or explain the purpose of chemiosmosis. |
|
|
Case Study How Is the Rate of Photosynthesis Measured? What is the importance of light wavelengths to photosynthesis? Describe the two main processes of photosynthesis including the role of chemiosmosis. Compare and contrast cellular respiration and photosynthesis. What causes photorespiration? Why are C4 and |
|
(
Additional readings and figures: in 6th Edition) Ch 45.1 Endocrine and communication Ch 48 Figure 48.15 Chemical Synapse |
Case Study How Do Cells Communicate with Each Other? Discuss the 3 types of inter-cell communication. There are three main intracell signaling pathways, G-protein coupled receptors, Tyrosine-kinase receptors and second messengers (cAMP, Ca2+, and IP3); discuss all in terms of the three stages of cell signaling-reception, transduction and response (don't forget to discuss the importance of protein phosphorylation). (see figure 11.15 (6th Ed)/ 11.8 (7th Ed) for an overview) Discuss the importance of cell signaling in nerve impulse transmission. Discuss the importance of cell communication used by the endocrine system, is there any overlap with the nervous system? What role does cell signaling play in apoptosis? When and where is apoptosis appropriate? |
|
|
Case Study How Do Cells Divide by Mitosis? Describe cell cycle and mitosis' role in the cycle. What is the relationship of the kinetochore to microtubules and centrosomes? Describe the cell cycle control systems. (esp. cdk...) What is the role of p53? Contrast binary fission with mitosis. When and where is apoptosis appropriate? |
|
|
How Does Meiosis Occur in the Fungus Sordaria? Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction among the kingdoms. Compare and contrast mitosis with meiosis. Compare and contrast oogenesis with spermatogenesis in animals and plants. What is the relationship between timing of meiosis and fertilization (Wolbachia)? |
|
|
NOTE: You are responsible for all Genetics Problems. They will not be collected but you may be called on to do on class quizzes Discuss Mendel’s laws.
What are the modes of inheritance? How can you recognize patterns of inheritance in pedigrees? |
|
|
NOTE: You are responsible for all Genetics Problems. They will not be collected but you may be called on to do on class quizzes What is the importance of crossover? Why is knowing the frequency of crossover useful? Relate cross over events to genetic variation. Discuss genomic imprinting. Contrast epistasis with epigenetics. |
|
|
What Is the
Correct Model for DNA Replication? Why are Griffith, Hershey, Chase mentioned? (briefly describe the experiments and the implications of the results). What role did Franklin and Chargaff play in alerting Watson and Crick to the structure of DNA? Know the basic structure of a DNA nucleotide. Be able to tell the difference between a pyrimidine and a purine. List the enzymes and their roles used during DNA replication. How many different ways can mutations be generated? List and describe. What is the role of a telomer? What is the role of telomerase? |
|
|
List the highlights of central dogma. (details of transcription and translation). Are there any significant differences between prokaryotic (bacteria vs. archaea) and eukaryotic gene expression? Why is alternative RNA splicing (aka exon shuffling) so important? |
|
|
What Causes Infections in AIDS Patients? What are the basic viral components? What are 2 viral life cycles? How does viral transmission work? (What is the difference between transduction, conjugation, transposons.) Discuss the evolution or devolution of virus? Compare and contrast viruses, viroids, and prions? How do new viruses emerge? (HINI the newest). |
|
|
How Do You Design a Gene Expression System? What is the role of satellite DNA? Distinguish between a repressible and inducible operon. How and where do eukaryotes regulate gene expression?
What are the 4 mechanisms for transforming proto-oncogenes to oncogenes? (RAS) Discuss transposons and retrotransposons, why are they important? How Can the Bicoid Gene Be Regulated to Alter Development? Distinguish between the patterns of morphogenesis in plants and animals. Explain the basic aspects of pattern formation. How does apoptosis function in normal and abnormal development? |
|
|
List the major uses of biotechnology and how they work. (cDNA libraries, SNP, recombinant DNA, PCR, cloning, electrophoresis)
|
|
|
Compare and contrast genomics with bioinformatics. What is shotgun sequencing? Is there a linear relationship between genome size and the number of genes? Is there a relationship the amount of non-coding DNA and gene density? How many different types of non-coding DNA are known, what is their origin or function? (for example: how do transposable elements contribute to genomic evolution?) How are multigene families of identical genes advantageous? What is the evolutionary advantage of duplicated: genes, gene regions, exons, chromosomes and exon shuffling? What can be extrapolated from genomic comparisons? (bioinformatics) How do we know that the HOX and FOX genes are very old and conserved in the animal kingdom? END 1st Semester |
|
Begin 2nd Semester |
How Do Environmental Changes Affect a Population? List the major contributors to evolutionary theory and one finding for each. Compare the following using examples: survival of the fittest, natural selection, adaptation, and descent with modification. Summarize the evidence supporting Dr. Endler's conclusions in Inquiry 22.13 (on guppies). How does this evidence support Darwinian evolution? List all the difference types of evidence for Darwinian evolution. |
|
|
How Can Frequency of Alleles be Calculated? Explain the Hardy-Weinberg theorem. (know the significance of p, q, 2pq, p2, q2 What is "selfish" DNA? Distinguish between stabilizing, directional and disruptive (diversifying) selection. Relate to allele frequency and relative fitness. What is the relationship between, genetic drift, bottleneck effect (event), founder's effect, and gene flow. What is heterozygote advantage and why is it considered "preserving genetic variation"? Discuss why a predominant allele may lead to a decline in fitness? (hint: monocultures).
Why can't natural selection craft a "perfect" organism? |
|
|
How Do New
Species Arise Via Genetic Isolation? Distinguish between pre- and post-zygotic barriers.Why are many hybrids sterile? Contrast allo- and sympatric speciation. What is the role of a hybrid zone? How is polyploidy advantageous to plants? What role does sexual selection play in promoting speciation? (see Inquiry 24.12) Compare punctuated equilibrium with gradualism. What is the difference between micro- and macroevolution? |
|
26 (25) Ch 43.7 Origin of Primates and Man Pgs 697-707 7th Edition |
How is Phylogeny Determined Using Protein Comparisons? List the major taxonomic categories from most to least inclusive. Distinguish between analogous and homologous structures. Distinguish between mono-, para- and polyphyletic grouping. What is a natural taxon? Distinguish between a shared ancestral character (trait) and a shared derived character (trait) used in a cladogram or phylogenetic tree. Summary principle of maximum parsimony (see Fig 26.15). How does molecular biology support evolutionary theory? What is a molecular clock? What is the current tree of life? Is it now a ring? Explain the mechanism of horizontal gene transfer what other mechanism can support the "ring" structure for the tree of life? |
|
|
How Might Conditions on Early Earth Have Created Life? What are the contributions of Oparin, Haldane, Miller, and Urey towards understanding abiotic synthesis? Provide plausible evidence to support the four stages of life’s origin. What needed to be present in order for free oxygen to be available in the atmosphere? Explain how eukaryotes may have evolved? What evidence is available in the rock record to support macroevolution? |
|
|
What are the Modes of Nutrition in Prokaryotes? Distinguish Achaean bacteria from true Bacteria. What are the three basic shapes of bacteria? Why are gram-negative bacteria more pathogenic than gram-positive bacteria? Compare methods of genetic recombination in bacteria (transformation, transduction, conjugation, and plasmids). Discuss the different nutritional modes (Fig 27.1). What are the major differences between the 3 domains. Summarize Table 27.2. What is the significance of proteobacteria and cyanobacteria? What are the major roles of prokaryotes in the biosphere? |
|
|
What Kind of Protists are Found in Various Habitats? What are the models of eukaryotic origin? (Fig 28.2) Which is more likely? Why is Kingdom Protista is polyphyletic group? Why should Kingdom Protista be abandoned? Distinguish between isogamy and oogamy; sportophyte and gametophyte; and isomorphic and heteromorphic. |
|
|
What Are the Different Stages of a Fern Life Cycle? What characteristics distinguish plants from the other kingdoms? What are the four major periods of plant evolution on land? What evidence is there to support green algae as the ancestor of land plants? |
|
|
How Are Trees
Identified by Their Leaves? What are the traits that are required for a plant to be entirely terrestrial? How are the seeds of a pine different from an angiosperm seed, are there any advantages to being an angiosperm? What are some current theories on how flowering plants may have evolved? |
|
|
How Does the
Fungus Pilobolus Succeed as a Decomposer? What characteristics distinguish fungi from other kingdoms? Describe the basic body plan of a fungus. What is a lichen? Why are mycorrhizae beneficial to both plant and fungus? |
|
33 18.4 |
How do Molecular Data Fit Traditional Phylogenies?
(32)What characteristics distinguish animals from the other kingdoms? Outline the major phylogenetic branches of the animal kingdom, identify the "benchmark" characteristics. Compare and contrast two hypothesis about animal origins from unicellular ancestors (syncytial hypothesis and colonial hypothesis). (33) Define parthenogenesis. Explain why some zoologists believe the mollusks evolved rom ancestral annelids while others propose the mollusks came from flatworm like ancestors. Distinguish between incomplete and complete metamorphosis. Why are echinoderms on the same line as vertebrates? |
|
|
How Does Bone Structure Shed Light on the Origin of Birds? What are the unique characteristics of chordates? What are the specialized characteristics of vertebrates? What evidence supports that amphibians evolved from crossopterygians? Why did mammals undergo adaptive radiation during the Cenozoic? |
|
|
What Are Functions of Monocot Tissues? List the characteristics of angiosperms (monocots/ dicots). Distinguish between parenchms, collenchyma and sclerenchyma. Distinquish between xylem and phloem tissues.Describe the function of dermal, vascular and ground tissue systems. Identify the differences between roots and shoot vascular tissue. How does wood form? |
|
|
How are
Water and Solute Potentials Calculated? List the three levels in which transport in plants occurs, describe the role of aquaporins. Trace the path of water and minerals from root to shoot. How is the proton pump involved in mineral transport, how are solutes transferred between symplast and apoplast.Using the transpiration-cohesion-adhesion theory describe how xylem sap can be pulled upward. What are the disadvantages and advantages of transpiration? Explain how pholem sap flows from source to sink. |
|
|
How Does Acid Precipitation Affect Mineral Deficiency? What are the nine micronutrients and seven micronutrients. required for plants, why are they important? Why do farmers need to manage their soils and "natural" systems don't? Distinguish between nitrogen fixing and nitrifying bacteria. Discuss the two functions of leghemoglobin and why is its synthesis evidence for coevolution. What is the relationship between root nodule formation and mycorrhizae development. |
|
|
What Tells Desert
Seeds When to Germinate? Distinquish between; complete/incomplete, perfect/imperfect flowers, and monoecious and dioecious plants. List the structure of a seed and identify a function for each. Distinguish between vegetative and sexual reproduction ,how are each adaptive strategies? How are organ identity genes involved in pattern formation in flowers? |
|
|
What Plant
Hormones Affect Organ Formation? List the five classes of plant hormones, describe their major functions and where are they primarily produced. Define the types of tropisms, how are they triggered, by whom? Define photoperiodism, describe the differences between; short, lond and day neutral plants. Explain the molecular basis of resistance to non-virulent and virulent pathogens. |
|
|
How Does
Temperature Affect Metabolic Rate in Daphnia? List the types of tissues, relate their structure to their function. How do large animals deal with low surface area to volume? Define homeostasis. Give an example of positive and negative feedback. |
|
|
What Role does
Amylase Play in Digestion? List the major feeding mechanisms and give an example organism. List the major digestive enzymes and where they are found, what they do. Explain the importance of folds, villi and microvilli. |
|
|
How is Cardiovascular Fitness Measured? (read only) Distinquish between an open and closed circulatory system. List the components of a vertebrate cardiovascular system. Describe the components and functions of the lymphatic system. What is a Hb-dissociation curve, why does it have this shape, relate it to oxygen affinity. |
|
|
Why Do AIDS
Rates Differ Across the U.S.? Discuss the differences between non-specific defense and specific immunity. List the participants in specific immunity and their function (cellular and humoral, include any molecules) Explain how autoimmune disorders arise? |
|
|
What Affects Urine Production? What is the structure and function of the kidney. Compare and
contrast the different ways of excretion throughout the animal kingdom. |
|
|
How Do Thyroxine and TSH Affect Metabolism? List the glands and their hormones. Discuss one complete feedback system of the endocrine system (except thyroid). |
|
|
What Might Obstruct the Male Urethra? Describe the various means of reproduction. (which is best, when?) Describe the endocrine control of human reproduction.
|
|
|
What Determines Cell Differentiation in the Sea Urchin? Describe the various stages of development. What are the major genes of development? |
|
|
Do an overview of the parts of nervous systems in humans. What are
IPSP and EPSP? What is their importance? |
|
|
How Does Electrical Stimuli Affect Muscle Contraction? Describe and compare/contrast the various types of receptor cells. |